Russian medical historian and psychiatrist Mikhail Lakhtin (1869−1930)
Keywords:
Mikhail Lakhtin, history of medicine, psychiatry, medical psychologyAbstract
This article presents material on the life and work of medical doctor Professor M.Yu. Lakhtin. Having graduated from Moscow University’s Medical Department in 1897, he made substantial contributions to the development of Russian science. One of the main fields of his scientific activity was the history of medicine. In 1901 Lakhtin began teaching as privatdozent at Moscow University’s Department of the History of Medicine. On his initiative the department introduced a course on the history of Russian medicine. In his works on the history of surgery Lakhtin devoted special attention not to the operation methods but to the evolution of medical opinions and their influence on surgery. Being the author of a series of works on Russian medicine in the 17th−18th centuries, he published and introduced to the scientific community many archival documents related to medicine in pre-Petrine and post-Petrine Russia. Lakhtin actively translated into Russian foreign scientific publications in various fields.
e collected and published extensive material on the history of the military-medical organization for assisting the wounded,on the development of hospital care and on surgical assistance to women in childbirth. He devoted special attention to the history of superstitions, prejudices and misconceptions related to diseases and to their analysis from the viewpoint of psychology and scientific outlooks. Lakhtin studied how various peoples in various eras interpreted obsession. He based his studies of the remnants of primitive outlooks in 20th-century society on scientific research conducted by his Western contemporaries. Of particular interest is his analysis of the symptoms of pathological altruism as a psychological disorder, which he observed in many cases both in life and in literature. As publisher and editor of a series of periodicals Lakhtin helped popularize the knowledge of medical psychology and psychiatry. He was a talented organizer of psychiatric aid to the mentally ill, in particular, to the soldiers and officers who had fought in the Russian-Japanese War and World War I. He also participated in the establishment of sanatoriums for the mentally ill and health insurance in Soviet Russia.
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References
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[Bibliographic guide to the history of medicine from 1789
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[Genealogy of the Moscow merchant class of the 18th
century. From the history of the formation of the Russian
bourgeoisie.] Moscow: Nauka, 1988. 189 p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.G. Noveyshie napravleniya v uchenii o
nevospriimchivosti. [The newest fi elds in the study of
immunity. Doctor’s notes]. Vrachebnye zapiski. [Doctor’s
notes.] 1896; 3 (14–18): 267, 292, 320. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.G. Istoriya proniknoveniya sifi lisa v Evropu [The
history of the spread of syphilis in Europe]. Vrachebnye
zapiski. [Doctor’s notes.] 1897; 4: 83−86. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.G. Toksiny i antitoksiny po ucheniyu Ru,
Mechnikova i dr. [Toxins and antitoxins according to the
teachings of Roux, Mechnikov and others]. Vrachebnye
zapiski. [Doctor’s notes.] 1897; 4: 183−184. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Istoricheskiy ocherk ucheniya ob
oderzhimosti. [A historical overview of the study of
obsession]. Ed. V.M. Bekhterev. Obozrenie psikhiatrii,
nevrologii i eksperimental’noy psikhologii [A review of
psychiatry, neurology and experimental psychology].
Saint Peterburg. 1901; 1. P. 9–19. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Glavneyshie napravleniya v uchenii ob
ognestrel’nykh ranakh i ob amputatsiyakh s drevneyshikh
vremen do XIX v. [Main fi elds in the study of gunshot
wounds and amputation from ancient times to the XIX
century]. Khirurgiya [Surgery]. 1900; 41. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Istoricheskiy ocherk razvitiya sosloviya
khirurgov. [A historical overview of the surgical profession].
Khirurgiya [Surgery]. 1900; 46. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Istoricheskiy ocherk ucheniya o trepanatsii
s drevneyshikh vremen i do XIX veka. [A historical
overview of the study of trepanation from ancient times to
the XIX century]. Letopis’ russkoy khirurgii [The annals
of Russian surgery]. 1900; VI. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Istoricheskiy ocherk razvitiya
khirurgicheskoy pomoshchi rozhenitsam. [A historical
overview of the development of surgical care provided to
women in childbirth]. Zhurnal akusherstva i zhenskikh
bolezney. [Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecological
Diseases]. 1900; XIV. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Istoricheskiy ocherk razvitiya ukhoda
za bol’nymi i uvechnymi. [A historical overview of
the development of care for the sick and crippled.]
Meditsinskaya beseda. [A medical conversation]. 1901;
(in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Bol’shie operatsii v istorii khirurgii. [Great
operations in the history of surgery]. Moscow, 1901. 214
p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Etyudy po istorii khirurgii. I. Khirurgi i
tsiryul’niki, ikh byt i deyatel’nost’ v proshlom. II. Istoriya
razvitiya gospital’nogo ukhoda. III. Voenno-meditsinskaya
organizatsiya v proshlom. [Studies in the history of surgery.
I. Surgeons and barbers, their way of life and work in the
past. II. The history of the development of hospital care.
III. Military-medical organization in the past]. Moscow,
191 p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Kratkiy biograficheskiy slovar’
znamenitykh vrachey vsekh vremen. [A short biographical
dictionary of renowned physicians throughout time].
Izdanie “Medicinskogo zhurnala” Dr. OKSA. Saint
Petersburg, 1902. 103 p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. Vspomogatel’nye sredstva prepodavaniya i
izucheniya istorii meditsiny v Zapadnoy Evrope. [Aids for
the teaching and study of the history of medicine in Western
Europe.] Trudy kafedry istorii i entsiklopedii meditsiny
Imperatorskogo Moskovskogo Universiteta. [Work
of the department of history and the encyclopedia of
medicine at the Imperial Moscow University]. Moscow,
Vol. I; 1. P. 11–37. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. Mediko-istoricheskoe otdelenie v
Nurenberg’skom Muzee. [The medical-history department
in the Nurenberg Museum.] Russkiy vrach. [Russian
doctor.] 1903; 3 (Off print). (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. Etyudy po istorii meditsiny. I. Vrachi i
vrachebnaya deyatel’nost’ v proshlom. II. Istoriya
razvitiya gospital’nogo ukhoda. III. Voenno-meditsinskaya
organizatsiya v proshlom. [Studies in the history of
medicine. I. Doctors and medical practice in the past.
II. The history of the development of hospital care. III.
Military-medical organization in the past]. Moscow,
192 p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. K istorii farmatsevticheskoy terapii v XVII
stoletii. [On the history of pharmaceutical therapy in the
XVII century]. Farmatsevt [Pharmacist]. 1902; 34, 35.
(in Russian)
Lakhtin M. K istorii patologicheskoy anatomii v Rossii v
XVIII v. [On the history of pathological anatomy in Russia
in the XVIII c.]. Russkiy vrach [Russian doctor]. 1902;
(Off print). (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. Publika i meditsina. Mediko-istoricheskiy
ocherk. Rech’, proiznesennaya 29 yanvarya 1903 g. v
godichnom zasedanii Terapevticheskogo Obshchestva
pri Moskovskom universitete. [The public and medicine.
A medical-historical overview. A speech delivered on January 29, 1903, at the annual meeting of Moscow
University’s Therapeutic Society]. Prakticheskiy vrach
[The practicing doctor]. 1903; 39: 927–931. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. Publika i meditsina. Mediko-istoricheskiy
ocherk. Rech’, proiznesennaya 29 yanvarya 1903 g. v
godichnom zasedanii Terapevticheskogo Obshchestva
pri Moskovskom universitete [The public and medicine.
A medical-historical overview. A speech delivered on
January 29, 1903, at the annual meeting of Moscow
University’s Therapeutic Society]. Prakticheskiy vrach
[The practicing doctor]. 1903; 41: 978–983. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Chastnaya lechebnitsa dlya dushevnobol’nykh voinov. Otchet s 19 maya 1905 g. po 1 yanvarya
g. [A private clinic for mentally ill soldiers. A report
from May 19, 1905, through to January 1, 1906]. Moscow,
155 p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Meditsina i vrachi v Moskovskom
gosudarstve (v do-Petrovskiy period). Trudy kafedry
istorii i entsiklopedii meditsiny Imperatorskogo
Moskovskogo universiteta. [Medicine and doctors in the
Moscow state (in the pre-Petrine period). Work of the
department of history and the encyclopedia of medicine at
the Imperial Moscow University]. Moscow, 1906. Vol. 1;
131 p. (in Russian)
Richter V.M. Istoriya meditsiny v Rossii. [The history
of Russian medicine.] Vol. 1–3. Moscow, 1814–1820.
(in Russian)
Chistovich Ya.A. Istoriya pervykh meditsinskikh shkol v
Rossii: v 2-kh tomakh. [History of the first Russian medical
schools: in two volumes]. Vol. 1. Moscow, 2013. 528 p.
(in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Materialy k istorii meditsiny v Rossii. Trudy
kafedry istorii i entsiklopedii meditsiny Imperatorskogo
Moskovskogo Universiteta. [Materials for the history of
medicine in Russia. Work of the department of history
and the encyclopedia of medicine at the Imperial Moscow
University]. Vol. II; 1. Moscow, 1907. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Materialy k istorii psikhiatrii v Rossii.
Zapiski Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo instituta.
[Materials for the history of psychiatry in Russia. Notes
from the Moscow Archaeological Institute]. Moscow,
(in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. K voprosu o reformirovanii zakonodatel’stva
o dushevnobol’nykh vo Frantsii. [On the issue of legislation
reform for the mentally ill in France]. Sovremennaya
psikhiatriya [Modern psychiatry]. 1907; 10: 354–358.
(in Russian) 31. Redaktsionnaya stat’ya. [Editorial].
Sovremennaya psikhiatriya [Modern psychiatry]. 1908;
(in Russian)
Lachtin M.Yu. Besooderzhimost’ v sovremennoy derevne.
Istoriko-psikhologicheskoe issledovanie. Chitano v
zasedanii Psikhologicheskogo Obshchestva 5 dekabrya
goda. [Possession in the modern village. Historical
and psychological research. Presented at the Psychological
Society meeting, December 5, 1910]. Moscow, 1910.
P. 46. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Starinnye pamyatniki meditsinskoy
pis’mennosti. [Ancient monuments of medical literature].
-d ed. Moscow: Librokom, 2012. 232 p. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Iz proshlogo russkoy psikhiatrii. [From
Russian psychiatry’s past]. Zhurnal nevropatologii i
psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova [S.S. Korsakov Journal
of Neuropathology and Psychiatry]. 1911; 4: 568–592.
(in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Teoreticheskoe obosnovanie vmenyaemosti.
[The theoretical underpinning of sanity]. Voprosy
psikhiatrii i nevrologii [Questions of psychiatry and
neurology]. 1912; 4. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Patologicheskiy al’truizm v literature
i zhizni. [Pathological altruism in literature and life].
Voprosy psikhiatrii i nevrologii [Questions of psychiatry
and neurology]. 1912; 6, 7, 8. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Sueverie v zhizni i v klinike. [Superstition
in life and in clinical practice]. Voprosy psikhiatrii i
nevrologii [Questions of psychiatry and neurology].
; 7: 289–297. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Stradanie kak istochnik chelovecheskikh
verovaniy. [Suff ering as a source of human beliefs].
Voprosy psikhiatrii i nevrologii [Questions of psychiatry
and neurology]. 1913; 11: 481–494. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Khronika [Chronicle]. Voprosy psikhiatrii
i nevrologii [Questions of psychiatry and neurology].
; 7: 334–335. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M. Das Studium der Medicin in Russland vor
der Grundung der Universitaten. Le Physologiste Russe.
Moskau, 1914; VI: 125–157.
Lakhtin M.Yu. Mezhdunarodnye s’’ezdy po istorii
meditsiny. [International congress on the history of
medicine]. Vrachebnoe delo [Medical aff airs]. 1928; 6:
–434 (reprint). (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Novye podkhody v psikhopatologii.
[New approaches in psychopathology]. Pod znamenem
marksizma [Under the banner of Marxism]. 1928; 7:
–172. (in Russian)
Lakhtin M.Yu. Meditsinskoe myshlenie pervobytnogo
cheloveka. [The medical thinking of primitive man].
Vrachebnoe delo [Medical aff airs]. 1929; 24: 1545–1546
(Off print). (in Russian)
Mikhail Yurevich Lakhtin. Nekrolog [Obituary]. Byulleten’
Mosoblstrakhkassy. Ofi tsial’nyy organ Moskovskogo
oblastnogo komiteta sotsial’nogo strakhovaniya.
[Moscow region insurance office newsletter. The official
organ of the Moscow Region Social Security Committee].
July 1930; 18–19 (88–89): 14. (in Russian)
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