The author off ers a “religio-philosophical system” as an important factor, which played a determining role in the development of natural science and medicine in the pre-historic period (prior to the beginning of the Scientifi c Revolution of the XVII century). This approach allows us to analyze the history of medicine in the general context of the development of natural science in continuous correlation with the occurring sociocultural processes, which infl uence the way of thinking of the scholars and forming of their research program