The characteristic of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi isolated from tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17720/95zrys34Keywords:
MDR: Multidrug resistance.Abstract
Salmonella Typhi, a human-restricted pathogen, is increasingly exhibiting multi-drug resistance (MDR) due to the widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics. This study aims to molecular identify the pattern of antibiotic resistance and asses the multidrug-resistance (MDR) and extensive drug-resistance (XDR) strains of indigenous Salmonella Typhi. Blood samples from 2456 suspected patients were assessed for MDR S. Typhi strains in this study. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhi was performed by amplifying the fliC gene. The Disc diffusion method was used to measure the susceptibility of antibiotics.2456 patient samples, bacterial growth, and Salmonella Typhi were 152 (6.2 %) positive. PCR analysis confirmed that all 152 isolated strains were Salmonella Typhi (100%) through the amplification of the fliC gene. Isolates of Salmonella Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin (79%), ampicillin (63 %), trimethoprim (58%), and chloramphenicol (58 %). While 26% of the isolates had extensive drug resistance, 58% of the isolates demonstrated multi-drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance gene of quinolones was isolated as 44 (36.4%), whereas 88 (57.9 %) were positive for blaCTX-M gene were detected among cephalosporin-resistance bacteria 56 (36.8 %) resistance blaIMP and blaOXA-48 were detected among carbapenem-resistance bacteria. For the azithromycin resistance, more genes were detected as a percentage 03 (50 %) from isolates. It concludes that several multidrug resistance and extensive drug-resistance salmonella Typhi were found. The majority of isolates were sensitive to meropenem, Imipenem, and Azithromycin.
Downloads
References
Ain, Q., Tahir, M., Sadaqat, A., Ayub, A., Awan, A. B., Wajid, M., ... & Sarwar, Y. (2022). First detection
of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates harboring VIM and GES genes for carbapenem
resistance from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Microbial Drug Resistance, 28(12), 1087-1098.
Afzal A, Sarwar Y, Ali A, et al. Current status of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance in
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Faisalabad, Pakistan 2012;28:602–607. Available from:
https://www.pjms.com .pk/index.php/pjms/article/viewArticle/2310 [Last accessed: December 7, 2022]
Aziz, S., & Malik, L. (2018). Emergence of Multi-Resistant Enteric Infection In A Paediatric Unit Of
Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 68(12), 1848-1850.
Ahmad, S., Tsagkaris, C., Aborode, A. T., Haque, M. T. U., Khan, S. I., Khawaja, U. A., ... & LuceroPrisno III, D. E. (2021). A skeleton in the closet: the implications of COVID-19 on XDR strain of typhoid
in Pakistan. Public health in practice, 2, 100084.
Akram, J., Khan, A. S., Khan, H. A., Gilani, S. A., Akram, S. J., Ahmad, F. J., & Mehboob, R. (2020).
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid: evolution, prevention, and its management. BioMed Research
International, 2020.
Ali, A. M., Hussain, A. B., & Kiyani, A. M. (2021). First Case of Azithromycin Resistance in Salmonella
Typhi, Isolated in a Patient with Prosthetic Valve Replacement. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious
Diseases, 11(01), 32-35.
Angele, M. K., Pratschke, S., Hubbard, W. J., & Chaudry, I. H. (2014). Gender differences in sepsis:
cardiovascular and immunological aspects. Virulence, 5(1), 12-19.
Baker, S., Blohmke, C. J., Maes, M., Johnston, P. I., & Darton, T. C. (2020). The current status of enteric
fever diagnostics and implications for disease control. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(Supplement_2),
S64-S70.
Bushnell, G., Mitrani-Gold, F., & Mundy, L. M. (2013). Emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
type 1-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-Enterobacteriaceae: global case detection and bacterial
surveillance. International journal of infectious diseases, 17(5), e325-e333.
Chaturongakul, S., & Ounjai, P. (2014). Phage–host interplay: examples from tailed phages and Gramnegative bacterial pathogens. Frontiers in microbiology, 5, 442.
Clancy, C. J., Potoski, B. A., Buehrle, D., & Nguyen, M. H. (2019, August). Estimating the treatment of
carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections in the United States using antibiotic prescription data.
In Open forum infectious diseases (Vol. 6, No. 8, p. ofz344). US: Oxford University Press.
Das, J. K., Hasan, R., Zafar, A., Ahmed, I., Ikram, A., Nizamuddin, S., ... & Bhutta, Z. A. (2018). Trends,
associations, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi in Pakistan. The American
journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 99(3 Suppl), 48.
Elumalai, S., Muthu, G., Selvam, R. E. M., & Ramesh, S. (2014). Detection of TEM-, SHV-and CTX-Mtype β-lactamase production among clinical isolates of Salmonella species. Journal of medical
microbiology, 63(7), 962-967.
Fida, S., Mansoor, H., Saif, S., Iqbal, J., & Khan, A. Q. (2021). Clinical Perspectives of Multiple and
Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid; result from a tertiary care hospital from Pakistan. The Journal of
Infection in Developing Countries, 15(04), 530-537.
Fatima, S., Ishaq, Z., Irfan, M., AlAsmari, A. F., Achakzai, J. K., Zaheer, T., & Akbar, A. (2023). Wholegenome sequencing of multidrug resistance Salmonella Typhi clinical strains isolated from Balochistan,
Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1151805.
Goay, Y. X., Chin, K. L., Tan, C. L. L., Yeoh, C. Y., Ja’afar, J. A. N., Zaidah, A. R., & Phua, K. K. (2016).
Identification of Five Novel Salmonella Typhi-Specific Genes as Markers for Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever
Using Single-Gene Target PCR Assays. BioMed research international, 2016.
Hasan, S. M., Razzak, S., Shabbir, A., Hasan, S. M., & Husain, M. Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid: Antibiotic
Susceptibility Pattern of an Emerging Menace in Karachi.
Babar Hayat: The characteristic of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi isolated from tertiary care hospital in
Faisalabad
Hannan, A., Qamar, M. U., Usman, M., Waheed, K. A. I., & Rauf, K. (2013). Multidrug resistant
microorganisms causing neonatal septicemia: In a tertiary care hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Afr J Microbiol
Res, 7(19), 1896-1902.
Haque, A., Haque, A., Sarwar, Y., Ali, A., Bashir, S., Tariq, A., & Mohsin, M. (2005). Identification of
drug resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi for development of diagnostic multiplex
PCR. Pak J Med Sci, 21(4), 402-407.
Herrera-Sánchez, M. P., Castro-Vargas, R. E., Fandiño-de-Rubio, L. C., Rodríguez-Hernández, R., &
Rondón-Barragán, I. S. (2021). Molecular identification of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp.
isolated from broiler farms and human samples obtained from two regions in Colombia. Veterinary
World, 14(7), 1767.
Hooda, Y., Sajib, M. S., Rahman, H., Luby, S. P., Bondy-Denomy, J., Santosham, M., & Saha, S. (2019).
Molecular mechanism of azithromycin resistance among typhoidal Salmonella strains in Bangladesh
identified through passive pediatric surveillance. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(11), 0007868.
Huss, P., & Raman, S. (2020). Engineered bacteriophages as programmable biocontrol agents. Current
opinion in biotechnology, 61, 116-121.
Hussain, A., Satti, L., Hanif, F., Zehra, N. M., Nadeem, S., Bangash, T. M., & Peter, A. (2019). Typhoidal
Salmonella strains in Pakistan: an impending threat of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella
Typhi. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 38, 2145-2149.
Jabeen, K., Saleem, S., Jahan, S., Nizamudin, S., Arshad, F., Huma, Z. E., ... & Haq, F. U. (2023).
Molecular characterization of extensively drug resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi clinical
isolates from Lahore, Pakistan. Infection and Drug Resistance, 2987-3001.
Klemm, E. J., Shakoor, S., Page, A. J., Qamar, F. N., Judge, K., Saeed, D. K., & Hasan, R. (2018).
Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a
promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation
cephalosporins. MBio, 9(1), 00105-18.
Kumar, S., Balakrishna, K., & Batra, H. V. (2006). Detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.
Typhi) by selective amplification of invA, viaB, fliC‐d and prt genes by polymerase chain reaction in
multiplex format. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 42(2), 149-154.
Kumar, A., Balachandran, Y., Gupta, S., Khare, S., & Suman. (2010). Quick PCR based diagnosis of
typhoid using specific genetic markers. Biotechnology letters, 32, 707-712.
IHN, R. 2020. Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Salmonella typhi from Patients
Attending Selected General Hospitals in Abuja Municipal, Nigeria. Plasmid, 7(11), 48.
Melnyk, A. H., Wong, A., & Kassen, R. (2015). The fitness costs of antibiotic resistance mutations.
Evolutionary applications, 8(3), 273-283.
Procaccianti, M., Motta, A., Giordani, S., Riscassi, S., Guidi, B., Ruffini, M., ... & Dodi, I. (2020). First
case of typhoid fever due to extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in
Italy. Pathogens, 9(2), 151.
Procaccianti, M., Alice Motta, Stefano Giordani, Sara Riscassi, Battista Guidi, Monica Ruffini, Valentina
Maffini, Susanna Esposito, and Icilio Dodi, (2020). First Case of Typhoid Fever due to Extensively Drugresistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Italy. Pathogens, 9(2), 151.
Osuntokun, O. T., & Olajubu, F. A. (2014). Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of some Nigerian
Medicinal Plants on Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi Isolated from Human Stool in Owo local
Government, Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 4(5), 441-449.
Qamar, M. U., Ambreen, A., Batool, A., Rasool, M. H., Shafique, M., Khan, A., ... & Ejaz, H. (2020).
Molecular detection of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella typhi and carbapenem-resistant pathogens in
pediatric septicemia patients in Pakistan–a public health concern. Future Microbiology, 16(10), 731-739
Qamar, F. N., Yousafzai, M. T., Sultana, S., Baig, A., Shakoor, S., Hirani, F., ... & Garrett, D. (2018). A
retrospective study of laboratory-based enteric fever surveillance, Pakistan, 2012–2014. The Journal of
infectious diseases, 218(suppl_4), S201-S205.
Sawa, T., Kooguchi, K., & Moriyama, K. (2020). Molecular diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamases
and carbapenemases, and antimicrobial resistance. Journal of intensive care, 8(1), 13.
Song, Q., Xu, Z., Gao, H., & Zhang, D. (2018). Overview of the development of quinolone resistance in
Salmonella species in China, 2005–2016. Infection and drug resistance, 267-274.
Shah, S. A. A., Nadeem, M., Syed, S. A., Abidi, S. T. F., Khan, N., & Bano, N. (2020). Antimicrobial
sensitivity pattern of Salmonella Typhi: emergence of resistant strains. Cureus, 12(11).
Wang, Y., Lu, D., Jin, Y., Wang, H., Lyu, B., Zhang, X., ... & Jia, L. (2022). Extensively drug-resistant
(XDR) Salmonella typhi outbreak by waterborne infection—Beijing Municipality, China, January–
February 2022. China CDC Weekly, 4(12), 254.
Yasin, N., Rahman, H., Sarwar, Y., Qasim, M., Nisa, I., Ikram, A., ... & Alzahrani, K. J. (2022).
Salmonella Typhi from Northwest Pakistan: Molecular strain typing and drug resistance
signature. Microbial Drug Resistance, 28(1), 120-126.
Zahid, I., Sarwar, A., Hussain, A., Sohail, M., & Amin, A. (2022). Antibiotyping and genotyping of
extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) Salmonella sp. isolated from clinical samples of Lahore,
Pakistan. Journal of applied microbiology, 132(1), 633-641
Zakir, M., Khan, M., Umar, M. I., Murtaza, G., Ashraf, M., & Shamim, S. (2021). Emerging Trends of
Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi in a Tertiary Care
Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Microorganisms, 9(12), 2484.
World Health Organization. (2003). Background document: The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
typhoid fever, World Health organization. Dept Vaccines and Biologicals Geneva Switzerland, 1-38.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.