Antibiotic Resistance in Hospital Settings and Historical Trends in Misuse of Penicillin
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48047/Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance, hospital-acquired infections, multidrug-resistant bacteria, antimicrobial stewardship, public healthAbstract
Background: The discovery of Penicillin by Alexander Fleming revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. However, antibiotic resistance has grown significantly, driven by genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and biochemical defense mechanisms like β-lactamase production and efflux pumps. High prescription rates, poor infection control, and contaminated hospital environments have led to the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria such as MRSA, VRE, and CRE, threatening global health.
Objectives: This paper aims to explore the history and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the role of modifiable factors such as overuse of antibiotics, ineffective infection control measures, and hospital contamination. It also examines current interventions, including Antibiotic Stewardship Programs (ASPs), and evaluates the potential for alternative solutions like bacteriophage therapy and precision medicine.
Methods: The review analyzes existing research on antibiotic resistance, focusing on genetic and biochemical mechanisms, hospital-related factors, and current interventions. It examines the effectiveness of ASPs and infection control measures in reducing the burden of Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs).
Results: Hospital-Acquired Infections remain a significant burden, with high mortality rates and healthcare costs. Although interventions like ASPs have been implemented, the decline in new antibiotic development by the pharmaceutical industry has left few options for treating resistant infections.
Conclusions: To address antibiotic resistance, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. This includes improved antibiotic policies, better surveillance, and research that links human, animal, and environmental health. Without global cooperation and action, antibiotic resistance could render modern medicine ineffective, making once-treatable infections deadly.
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