The achievements of modern theoretical and practical biomedicine and their introduction into clinical practice are creating a fundamentally new anthropological situation on a cross-cultural scale. The ability to not only change but also qualitatively transform the natural morphological, structural and functional components of the human body provides the basis for optimization of its biological status and more effective treatment practices but gives rise to threats and risks of destructive influences. This entails the risk of an uncontrolled transformation of human nature and opens the way for its further development in a different dimension, which is most evident in the ideas and practices of transhumanism