The article continues a series of publications on research results of a reconstruction of the history of ancient medicine as a protoscience phenomenon. Special aspects of ancient Greek rational medicine (from its inception to the work of Herophilus) were earlier identified. Herophilus’ work was experimental in its research methodology and fundamental in its influence on the constitution of a rational view of anatomy and physiology. It has been assessed in the light of the continuity of the natural-philosophical ideas of Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle.