Assessment of Vitamin D Level as a Risk Factor and Illness Severity Indicator in COVID 19 Cases

Abstract

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) viruses using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, to enter human cells, these receptors are highly expressed in the lung alveolar cells, vascular endothelium, cardiac myocytes, and other cells. Inadequate vitamin D levels in the blood have been linked to a higher risk of COVID-19 severity. Objective: To determine the association between Vitamin D level and severity of COVID-19 infection. Materials and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at Thumbay Hospital, Ajman, UAE. Enrolled 70 COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients with age group ≥ 18 years old of both genders. Patients taking vitamin D supplements were excluded from the study. The biochemical analysis for the collected blood samples was performed on the automated analyzer and assessed for significance analysis. Result: There is a statistically significant correlation between Vitamin D levels and disease severity (p < 0.05) as determined by Pearson’s Chi-square test. Independent t-test shown that there is a statistically significant difference with regards to gender, age groups, and co morbidity (p < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation revealed a moderate, positive correlation between Vitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels affect COVID-19 severity, with more severe cases showing vitamin D levels lower than normal when compared to severe cases with sufficient vitamin D levels. Furthermore, blood vitamin D levels are linked to age groups in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, on the other hand, was not linked to a higher risk of death prognosis, and co morbidities.