History

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality due to various heart and circulation system problems. CVD and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) worsen each other, increasing morbidity and mortality. It is clear that T2DM contributes to both CVD and CKD; both have the propensity to initiate each other, leading to a phenomenon termed “cardio-renal syndrome”(CRS). Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) is a cardiac biomarker that may be used to diagnose heart failure. Cardiomyocyte biomechanical strain may cause sST2 to be released from vascular endothelial and myocardial cells. Injured or necrotic barrier cells (epithelial and endothelial cells) produce Interleukin-33 (IL-33) which acts as an endogenous mediator triggering pro-inflammatory reactions. A higher serum concentration of IL-33 was associated with ischemic heart disease(IHD). Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the IL-33 and sST2 as biomarkers in diagnosing and assessing heart failure (HF) risk factors. Materials and Methods: A case-control study consisted of four groups, patients with T2DM(n=40), patients with RF(n=40), patients with HF and T2DM and RF(n=40), and 40 healthy individuals as the control group. sST2 and IL-33 were estimated by Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Result: As concerning demographic characteristics, our findings found non-significant changes in diastolic blood pressure(DBP), Systolic blood pressure(SBP) and BMI in patient groups as compared to the control group (P > 0.05). The results of the present study also revealed a significant increase in the levels of sST2, and IL-33 levels in T2DM, R.F and HF groups compared to control (???? ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Inflammatory events in HF with T2DM and RF patients are marked and exacerbated by the elevation of IL-33 and sST2 levels, suggesting them as valub biomarkers in the diagnosis of HF.